Theodore William Allen, who was an independent, writer, working intellectual and activist, wrote the book “The Invention of the White Race”. He is known for his works that contributed a great deal in the theory of critical race. He wrote a lot on concepts of racism and the special privileges of the white-skinned people. His interest in racial segregation is what, perhaps, pioneered this work on “The Invention of the White Race”.

Theodore’s work on “The Invention of the White Race” was a two-volume work, which point at the dedication possessed by Theodore to see equality, and the eradication of the white race syndrome. It clearly outlines his hatred towards the egocentric attitude that seems to run in the white people, who think that they are special and always be treated as dignitaries. This is unlike most whites. Somebody cannot write such volumes of work to condemn a vice amongst his own race. Therefore, his firm position on racial matters is clearly outlined and he cannot be categorized amongst the racists that are presently there.
The first volume of “The Invention of the White race” was published in 1994, which was later followed by the second edition in 1997. This volume of work was later republished in an expanded edition in 2012 by Verso Books. Since its publication in 1994, “The Invention of the White Race” has become a very resourceful material in the matters of the origin of racial oppression in the United States of America. No debate on such matters would go on without the recognition of the important work done by Theodore in his first volume of work. In this volume, Theodore, gives a clear outline of how racism came into existence in the United States of America. According to him, racism is a matter that recently came into being after the founding of America. The initial America had no such thing as racial discrimination, according to Theodore in this work.
He first begins by trying to define the term race and the possible meaning that it may bring along with it. However, he is quick to link it to the segregation according to the skin color. He says that the term “racial” has to do with a patterned way of oppression, where one human group oppresses another based on his or her skin color. He does this by giving examples of the migration of people from one country to another. Therefore, to define racism he says that it is a situation where a multiracial human group moves from a place like Europe, and migrates to South Africa or North America, and introduces itself in that country as the “white race” through constitutional fiat. His definition links racism to emigration and settlements. Therefore, according to him a racist will always segregate people according to their skin color, especially when they move to a new region or when the people suffering racism come into their region for formal settlement.
In his discussion, Theodore traces the incoming of Africans into America in 1619. He categorically states that there was nothing like the “white” people when the Africans first arrived at Virginia. He said that according to the colonial records, there was no such thing for the next sixty years that followed. In his work, Theodore uses the history of the Irish to explain the race relativism. It outlines how the proponents of racism use racial oppression, to gain social control. According to him, the end justifies the means in matters of racism. The racists usually engage in racial discrimination with the end of gaining control socially, in their minds. This is where egocentrism sets in and the racists categorize themselves in the highest social classes. Seemingly, only those in the high social classes have a say in many social engagements and command a lot of respect around them.
In matters of the origin of racial slavery, history debates focus it on the Negroes status in Maryland and Virginia back in 17th century. However, Theodore’s work brings out critical facts to be given deliberate thoughtfulness. Theodore wonders about what transformed the Irish, the English, the Scottish and the other English colonists from being tenants, servants, merchants or planters to the new exclusive status of being whites. According to Theodore, this holds the paradox of the history of America, where democracy rests on the racial assumptions.
In a bid to coil out his subject, Theodore is keen to point out the British and the Anglo-Irish rule in Ireland and the oppression of the African-Americans and the Indians by the White Supremacists who were of the American origin. These two analogies compel him to dig through the racial history amongst the Whites. Allen considers how racism prevailed in Ireland while the British rule prevailed. He shows the indictment that the Irish went through in the hands of the English men or better still, the “whites”.
Theodore shows how the whites could accuse the Irish of a crime in a court of law, but unfortunately, the Irish could never accuse the whites in any court of law. This pointed out to an erroneous perceived fact by the whites, that they could never be wrong and even if they were wrong, no court could find them guilt and indict them. In addition, no punishment was inflicted on any white who killed an Irish but serious punishment was inflicted on the Irish. As if that was not enough, the Irish widows, who had been married to the whites, were not given their rightful inheritance. Lastly, the Irish men did not have any legal rights of property bequeathing. These things demonstrated a high level of white supremacy that segregated and discriminated the Irish in their own land. They erroneously classified them as special, yet this was not the case. It was only a push of racial recognition. The Irish were treated as foreigners yet in their own ancestral land.
On the other hand, in the consideration of the American Indians, Allen points out how they started suffering the consequences of white racism. It all begun after the leaders of the Cherokee Nation went to Washington to appeal against their eviction from their ancestral land in the Supreme Court. There was a policy dabbed “Indian Removal” policy, which aimed at breaking the signed treaty and driving them from their homes. Their appeals were rejected even by the then President Andrew Jackson, who supported the court’s ruling. The assimilation proposals of the Indians in America through intermarriage, made constantly by the Church and the Secretary of War, were also rejected. The eviction of these Indians from their ancestral homes meant the disallowance of their existence as tribal-men. This series of rejections resulted into their social rejection even by the peasant American. They started suffering the effects of American racism by the majority whites in the land, who ruled over the land.
In the consideration of the African-Americans, Allen elaborates the discrimination they faced in the white plantations as laborers. He shows how slave trade was rampant in America before it was abolished and how racism bred as the African-Americans, who were slaves, went through oppression. Allen shows how racism dominated America during the period that the African-Americans were under slavery. They were categorized in the lowest social classes, which were stipulated in the law of the land. The Africans could not access the social amenities that were accessed regularly by the whites, who were in the high social class. The whites were also the only ones who owned the plantations. The participation and engagement of the African-Americans in the plantations was only in the part of service provision of cheap labor. Indeed this manifested a high level of white supremacy and the hopelessness of the African-Americans. In the spirit of racism, the law granted the whites immunity to the Indian-American, African-American and the Irish Americans, in case of murder when the whites in the process of inflicting punishment to them as slaves.
In his analysis of the three scenarios of racial segregation suffered by the African-Americans, the American Indians and the Irish, Allen seems to draw a lot of parallelism in their interaction with whites. The white supremacy prevailed under all situations in their existence in the society. The whites were a special class of people while the rest were not. This is the attitude that Theodore Allen seems to confront throughout his work in his book “The Invention of the White Race”. According to him, such a thing should not have happened because all human beings have the same rights as far as they are alive. However, the supremacy of the whites seemed to overstep the rights of other fellow human beings without prior regard.

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The telephone is my one example of the changes that have been brought about by technology. I have lived through different ages of the telephone and I have realized that changes in the technology have improved on the communication factor, despite the incorporation of other technologies that lessen the burden on a single mode of communication. In my early days, I used the payphone and the line connected phones at home. The phones were stationary and needed power connectivity throughout to deliver the communication aspect. The phones were basic at first, allowing only the ability to make and receive calls. However with different technologies the phones incorporated text, fax and recording functions to improve on the ability to communicate, since the previous technology did not cater for such purposes.

Ideally, developed technology is a solution to a problem, but with the development of different solutions, there are problems that arise as a consequence. The development of phones that could operate from different location introducing mobility were based on a platform on the need to call and text (Short Message Service) but the development of the platform introduced other capabilities. The mobile phone has undergone evolution, incorporating internet functionalities that have improved the communication abilities considerably comparing it to the initial technology of telephony. The developments of the telephone may seem indulgent, but it is the errors that technologies have that lead to improvement in performance of the technologies.
The current smart phone most people are using is a result of evolution through the technologies that human beings have furthered. It is from the parent technology that the smartphones have evolved. The existence of such a platform introduced an element that allows the human being to further utilize knowledge for social, economic and financial purposes. The smartphones are instrumental to the technology that shall follow with different challenges coming from the current technology. The current technology has challenges that are a basis for the next technology such as the utilization of power from the energy sources in the platforms.

I believe that different technologies are reflections of the available knowledge and facilities to develop components that would aid human activities. Technology, regardless of the use and nature is a contributor to evolution of man and society. Technology cannot be termed as good or bad, it is how it is utilized that matters. Different uses of technology, such as weaponry, are associated with social and moral decadence, but it plays the role of a gateway to better technology that can be used for other purposes since it presents a source of knowledge.

Explosive have profound effect on the environment including the soil and water ecosystems. Therefore, companies in the explosive industries have to be aware and respond to social and environmental issues brought about by the usage of explosives. In this paper eight of the most significant social and environmental issues in the explosive industry are discussed. The paper uses the effects of using explosives to reflect on the various issues a company in the explosive industries is likely to face. It’s worthwhile to note that explosives can have a devastating effect on the environment which consequently gives rise to a number of social issues.

Environmental, Social Issues and Explosives

Air pollution is caused by discharging dangerous substances in the air. Most of the chemicals used to make explosives leave toxic dusts that are particulate matter that may enter into the lungs, which is a threat for persons with chemical sensitivity and asthmatic. On the other hand combustion of that contains mixtures of traces of heavy metals, sulphur coal compounds and gases or toxic chemicals. Combustion clouds have harmful fumes like sulphur dioxide, nitric oxide and ozone (Letzel et al, 2003). The Industrial processes used to manufacture explosives product are harmful particles that find their way into the atmosphere. Awareness of the threat to air quality enables companies to produce explosives that have lesser effects on air ones they explode.

When very much energy is released an explosion occurs throwing around particles of chemicals. These chemicals find their way into the Soil therefore contaminating it (Lima et al, 2011). The Soil undergoes liquefaction thus causes it to strain. It can result to earthquakes thereafter. Another result is that the soil loses its original fertility. Awareness of soil pollution by explosives enables to be ready for any legal challenges that may be mounted by those affected as soil pollution shows indelible evidence harmful explosions were used.

Explosives lead to many people being disabled. More than 2000 people are maimed per month by explosives (United Nations, n.d). The disability makes inhabitants of that region to depend on governments as they can no longer take care of their needs because the disability hinders them to work. Victims may have obtained problems which cannot be visually seen like, chest tightening, pressure in the head and depression among others (UK Government, 2012). Some of these disabling effects are very severe that they even affect generations to come. A good example is the atomic bomb in 1945 in Japan (Antony, 2010). Most explosive companies are involved in a social initiative to better the lives of disabled people in the society.

The issue of land usage where explosives have been detonated is one of the most important issues in the explosive industry. Land loses its value when explosives such as land mines are buried. It is estimated that landmines can stay up to 50 years when they are still active (Lima et al, 2011). They therefore prevent large masses of land from being farmed; hence the availability of food is threatened. When too much land is wasted, people are displaced and it becomes harder for refugees who were displaced by the conflict necessitating the usage of mines to be successfully resettled. Some of the more responsible companies in the explosive industry have stopped manufacturing landmines as they show their awareness to the acute land problem its causes.

The effects and the usage of nuclear explosives remain a huge issue in the explosive industry. According to Antony (2010), the occurrence of a nuclear explosion has the long term effect of increase the risk of Cancer. It has been shown that places where nuclear tests have occurred people have a high likely hood getting cancerous growth. The high-explosives experiment were done to weigh dynamic stress condition as a result of earth media explosion, which is known at present , and provides data for calculations of comparatives on seismic disturbances from explosions which are tempered and from large underground cavities explosions (Antony, 2010). Most explosive companies keep away from the development of nuclear explosives because they are aware of their environmental and social effects.

Another major social issues in the explosive industry is the problem its causes due to its usage in destroying critical infrastructure. Explosives have been used to destroy infrastructure such as hospitals, bridges and railway lines which has the effect of making the quality of life poorer (Lima et al, 2011). Explosive companies have reacted to this issue by focusing to productive activities like mining and tunneling than use explosives.

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INTRODUCTION
This section will highlight the cultural aspects of Emily Carr’s Indian Church in terms of the spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize the systems, traditions and beliefs of the society portrayed in the picture.

Thesis statement
The perspectives of the interpretations by art historians, critics, other artists, writers, historians, philosophers on Emily Carr’s Indian Church is not just a revelation of the possible variations of meanings but also a reflection of the same impression in other social settings.

MAIN AND SUPPORTING ARGUMENTS
Meaning and understanding of cultural representation in the Indian Church painting
A definition of cultural representation in the visual art shall be made in terms of the artist perspective as interpreted by critics and analysts. As a cultural producer the visual artist, Emily Carr will be discussed as a respondent to, a reflection of, an embodiment of the cultural representation. This will include the challenges, the arising questions, and the overall participation in the cultural aspects in the society in terms of the value systems, traditions, and beliefs in the society, cultural context, time frame and place.

Cultural awareness in Emily Carr’s Indian Church
Cultural understanding and expression of interpreters will be used to create awareness of Emily Carr’s representation in the pictures to evolve new meanings and transcending social limitations.
The role of cultural diversity in understanding human existence revealed in the Indian Church painting. A discussion on the cultural identity will be highlighted through a dissection of the views of people that find different meanings in the social representation in the picture.

THE WORK OF ART TO BE DISCUSSED
Indian Church, 1929 by Emily Carr

It holds that international ordering structure is subject to anarchy of sorts. It is also characterized by the distribution of capabilities and is commensurate to be measurable only by the number of great powers within the international system. The ordering system has no formal central authority and is based on states, which are formal, and equal in terms of basic value. Thus, there emerges the self-serving tendency of each individual state. The states seek to fulfil their own interests and at no one time will they subordinate their interests in favour of the interests borne by another state.

The realist take on the stance that the scenario in which the world experiences everlasting and permanent peace is a fallacy; this term is used loosely. Therefore, they would rather believe that there could only be a state of greater or lesser stability, but never absolute stability. In service of their interests to generate greater relative power, they develop offensive military with the capabilities to conduct foreign interventionism. This then leads to a lack of trust between the states, automatically meaning that they have to be on the lookout to prevent any relative losses.
The structural differences in terms of the capabilities of the states, as described by the realist, ensure that there can be no co-operation between the states. It is also worth noting that the states are considered equal in terms of need, but not in terms of the ability to satisfy that need. This is probably the basis for the public view of the state as being selfish and antagonistic.

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Advertising to children is an increasing activity. The predominant way of advertising to children is through the television. The television can be termed as an invasive medium because it reaches children in their own homes (Boyland, Harrold and Kirkham; Bridget, Ben and Lesley).
Bridget, Kellya, et al. “Television food advertising to children: the extent and nature of exposure.” Public Health Nutrition (2007): 1234-1240
This implies that there is limited control over what types of advertisements children watch. This has not been because of the complexity associated with the media.
Zimmerman, Frederick J. and Janice F. Bell. “Associations of Television Content Type and Obesity in Children.” American Journal of Public Health (2010)
This was a study which was carried out to evaluate the contents that children view on television in relation to their body mass index. This study’s findings supported the fact that viewing has an impact on the children’s feeding behavior. In addition, this study confirmed the fact that too much television viewing made children to lead a sedentary lifestyle which contributes to obesity.
Strasburger, Victor C., Amy B. Jordan and Ed Donnerstain. “Health Effects of Media on Children and Adolescents.” Journal of Pediatrics (2010)
This study revealed that children spend on average at least 7 hours on media. The study further revealed that this was occasioned by the fact that children have access to television in their bedrooms. This study revealed this had a major impact on the behavior of children. This is especially so because children who were exposed to such information exhibited issues in disordered eating and substance abuse.
Harris, Jennifer L., John A. Bargh and Kelly D. Brownell. “Priming effects of television food advertising on eating behavior.” Health Psychology (2009)
This study shed light on the impact of exposure to food advertising on children. The findings in this study led to the conclusion that children consumed up to 45% extra food when they were exposed to television advertising.
Graff, S., Kunkel, D., & Mermin, S. (2012). Government Can Regulate Food Advertising To Children Because Cognitive Research Shows That It Is Inherently Misleading. Health Affairs , 392-398 .
This study revealed that children cannot actively understand the intention behind the persuasive advertisement. The study concluded that children need to be protected from the content that is displayed by the media. This is because children the advertising agencies take advantage of children’s innocence to propagate their agenda.
The amount of information being delivered through the television has been compounded. The challenge which is facing children is not only a future challenge rather it has been occasioned by the nature of content contained in television programs (O’Guinn, Allen and Semenik; Palmer and Young). In essence, there are various effects that have been associated with television advertisement (Dixon, Scully and Wakefield). The major concern associated with television advertising is whether it takes advantage of the children’s cognitive development to levels of exploitation or not. For instance, there are concerns about advertising of particular products. Large proportions of television advertisements towards children promote food and drinks (Harris, Bargh and Brownell; Zimmerman and Bell). These advertisements have been criticized because they are less sensitive to healthy food choices. This paper seeks to explore some of the effects associated with advertisement on children.
Key words: Advertisement, children, media, television

Methodology
Research is a purposeful and technical process. This is because it is an academic activity which seeks to establish a given scientific fact or principle (Wimmer and Dominick). This study seeks to evaluate the effect of television advertising on the well-being of the children (Green; Fielder, Donovan and Ouschan). The main objective of this study is to enlighten the public on effects associated with exposure of media to children (Lusted; Kurtz; Strasburger, Jordan and Donnerstain).
Research methodology refers to a systematic approach used to solve problems encountered in research. It details the processes and procedures to be used to arrive at the objectives outlines. Research methodologies have various aspects. These aspects depend on the scope and type of the study being carried out.
This study is descriptive in nature. This is because it seeks to describe the state of affairs regarding television advertising. This study is mainly characterized by the fact that researchers do not have control over variables under study. In addition, methods used in this study are survey methods of all kinds; these include both comparative and co-relational methods (Hensley; Kumar). The main approach of study is survey approach. This descriptive survey seeks to explain what exists. This approach was opted because it purely attempts to discover the current situation in the area of study.
The main advantages associated with this approach are that it is used to investigate problems in existence in real life settings. Secondly, the cost associated with this approach is reasonable as compared to other approaches. Thirdly, because this study cuts across a large population, the amount of information, which shall be collected, shall be large. Lastly, surveys are not constrained by various factors such as geographic boundaries.

Study Hypothesis
This study seeks to analyze issues related to advertising aimed at children. This information shall be geared towards describing issues related to the concerns that television advertising generated (Stein). This study questions whether it is fair to advertise to children unless they fully grasp the content of the advertisers. Some of the responses, which shall be generated from this study, will include the effects of television advertising on children. This study is based on the hypothesis that television advertising has effects on children.

Sampling Design
Since this is a descriptive study, the researcher shall apply stratified random sampling design. This approach is preferred because it will give the researcher an opportunity to stratify and segregate the subjects within the samples in terms of age (Sparks; Sekaran and Bougie). The population shall first be divided into mutually exclusive groups relevant, appropriate and meaningful in the context of the study (Kumar). In essence, stratification is efficient because it provides more information with a given sample size. In addition, stratification ensures homogeneity within the stratum, but heterogeneity between strata.

Data Collection Methods
The researcher shall use various tools and instruments when collecting data. These instruments will include questionnaires, interviews and focused group discussions. The questionnaires shall be administered to older children. In addition, they shall be used to collect information from parents and teachers. Interviews shall be both open ended and closed ended (Sparks). In this case, they shall be used to collect information from parents and teachers for the young children.

Development
The number of the slaves involved in the slave trading was large. This is evident from the large number of Old World immigrants that are in South and North America. Many of the Africans in the South and North America were slaves either by nature or were born slaves. The economic system of the South Atlantic improved tremendously. This was due to thee increased production of clothing and goods that the European used to exchange for the African slaves (Reilly 234). This period was crucial for the European nations because they were fighting to establish overseas empires (Reilly 265).

Consequences of the slave trade
The slave trade has enormous effects on Africa and the world. The slave trade had a significant impact on the population of men reducing the population of the men in the western region (Reilly 274). The labor force in Africa reduced because the European slave traders took all the strong men. Some African leaders and western slave traders accumulated gargantuan profits from the slave trade. The slave trade promoted rivalry among the African traditional communities. The arbitrary and brutally fought each other for slaves. The slave trade disabled the political system of the tradition African communities.

Question 3
The fifteenth century was the first sustained encounter between the Native American, Europeans and Africans (Reilly 343). The prevailing current and winds in the Atlantic Ocean pushed the European ships towards the Caribbean and the north of South America. Reilly accounts that the presence of mineral along the Caribbean Coast and South America prompted the coming of the European (342). There was immense wealth in the nations, evidenced by the booming trade in agricultural and mineral products along the coastal belts.
European traders had a difficult task settling in the South American Coast. This is because they faced hostility from the organized Amerindians. The Africans and the Native Americans were politically organized into kinship organization. The Native Amerindians had military capabilities. With the European threats, they refined their military to stand against the Europeans. However, the Africans had warriors that defended the community against external and internal influence; they allowed and welcomed the European into their residents. They had not seen any European. This prompted the European conquering the Africans faster than the native Americans.
The Native Americans and the Africans had stable economic system. They traded in agricultural products and hunting (Reilly 345). Presence of minerals in the two coasts attracted the Europeans to these coasts. The European found that the Africans and the Native Americans had a strong economic foundation. They then traded exchanging clothes, textile with gold and minerals from these coasts.

Question 4
Histories and legends of Asian and European have existed for a long time. Women in Asia had history. There was a significant difference in the relationship of the women in ancient Asia and Europe (Reilly 412). In Europe, the men dominated the women. The men were superior to women. The duties of the women were to take care of the family and ensure that families are safe. They were extremely submissive to their husbands. However, in Asia, there were legendary myths on the prowess of women. The women were involved in changing Asia’s political, social and economic sectors (Reilly 423).
Women like Takamure Itsue contributed significantly to the history of Asia. The Asia families were organized into matrilineal institutions. The women in Asia have since lost the authority and power they earlier had in the Asia history (Reilly 426). In China, the employment and revolution acted as the vehicles for liberation. The families and the Confucianism rituals were the source of their oppressions. The Confucianism rituals oppressed the women in China. The rituals did not allow the women exercise their rights, either to marriage or to speech (Reilly 433). It was a similar scenario in Europe. Women received no representation in the society. They were second to all their men decisions. There was no gender equality in Europe.

Question 5
Pluralism characterized the religion in China. Religion was never dominant in China (Reilly 464). However, the nation adopted Confucian culture. This is a complex system of social, moral, philosophical, political, and quasi religion thinking. The colonial America adopted religion (Reilly 476). Religion was a dominant factor in America. Chinese do not attend churches like the American do, however; they perform rituals. Religion in both China and America affects the economic results of the nations. Religion fosters beliefs, which influence traits like hard work, honesty, and thrift (Reilly 476). Religion has improved the growth of the two governments. Religion ensures that the will of the Supreme Being is maintained, therefore, influencing the growth of governments.
Government and religion are related. China used religion to organize rituals known as Confucian (Reilly 476). Religion in China was not as dominant as it was in the colonial America. The colonial America went to church and upheld their religion that helped to govern their governments. However, in China, their rituals governed their government, because they used the norms to rule and govern the society.

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The Encarta dictionary describes a community as “the web of relationships and interactions among human beings” (Redmond). A community encompasses of a group of people with one or more common characteristics and interests. The functionality of the community is enhanced by the interdependence of its core subsystems. The community has eight core subsystems namely; education, physical environment, economics, safety and transportation, recreation, communication, health and social services, and finally politics and government (Salama).

Perceptions

When you practice personal health management through such initiatives as exercising on regular basis, eating a healthy diet, and having a balance of rest and activity it is evident that you have an accurate view of your “personal health status” (Davis). Once you maintain this kind of lifestyle in your daily activities, it would be easier for you to identify other methods through which you can maintain your health. In case of an alteration in your health status, you will respond in earnest by taking the required measures to regain your health.

A perceptual pattern and a self concept pattern are very necessary if one wants to optimize his or her health levels and improve on the health management. The role of health promotion knowledge cannot be ignored if one is to gain insight in to the best ways to manage health. Our Cultures, societal values and beliefs have a great influence on our capacity to “achieve positive health perception and health management” (Davis). These beliefs and values can either enable us to promote and live a happy lifestyle or live a carefree lifestyle that can deteriorate our health. According to Davis, the availability of essential health-care resources in the societal setting is very vital. This ensures that healthcare facilities and advice are easily accessible thus giving the community the ability to “manage a therapeutic regimen” (Davis p 3).

Nursing care plan

The quality of nursing care can be measured by focusing on the performance of the nurses in the documentation of nursing material. For instance, in Switzerland, documentation in nursing is mandatory. The health law in Switzerland requires that the nursing documentation be part of the medical chart that is filed in every day. The problems being faced by the patients, the interventions performed by the nurses, and the level of care given to the patients must be documented.
Hence, the documentation process is not meant to compare and document, but to also that the nursing quality is improved. According to Staub, the four major nursing care elements that should be “addressed for comparison include nursing diagnoses, nursing interventions, nursing outcomes, and intensity of nursing care” (Staub p 4)

Nursing diagnosis

The phrase Community nursing diagnosis is normally used to refer to identifying, classifying and quantifying the health problems in a community as a single unit in terms of morbidity and mortality rates and ratios, and identifying their correlation. This can assist in defining the people at risk or the ones “in need of health care” (Salamap 12 ). The diagnosis process involves examining the available data on social statistics as well as the knowledge of the situation on the ground so as to determine the various health needs of a community.

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The temporary regulations that have been set on super trawlers against fishing in the Great Barrier Reef are aimed at assessing the changes that will be evident if bottom trawling is banned. During the entire period of ban, the reefs will be monitored and assessed to determine the type of change they reveal in terms of improvement. On expiry of the set period, data collected will be analyzed. The resolutions made will be depended on the results, and will be used to decide whether to ban the activity completely or allow it to continue (News24.com). This issue calls for global awareness and involvement of both high school and college students to discussion. There is need for Australian government to place a total ban against super trawlers because they cause massive destruction on the reefs. There are other factors like global warming and poverty that call for ban, but more emphasis need to be focused on destruction of coral reefs. Research has shown evidence of the effects super trawlers have caused on reefs. Basing argument on these concrete results, the activity should be banned completely.
The Great Barrier Reef dates back to millions of years ago according to research provided by scientists. Corals that existed years back died and formed a layer where the current reefs are growing. Corals grow in groups although after maturity one can obtain an independent reef instead of the whole cluster. There are several varieties of the corals, which are differentiated by color variation. Their color develops from algae that they feed on, with the dead having a white color. Their growth patterns are variant, and some have a long life span that allows them to exist for many decades. They easily thrive in warm shallow waters, with plenty of light and movement. The water environment should be salty with low nutrient contents. In Australia, corals are used by aquatic animals as their shelter for over 1500 fish species, 4000 mollusk, and over 200 birds’ species. It forms a significant portion of their ecosystem, both in land and the sea.
The original inhabitants of Australia, the Aboriginals, saw their dependence on reefs for fishing over four decades. This dates back to a period before Australians were colonized by European settlers. Portuguese were the first European people to declare their interest over Australia in 1522. During this period, they did not have a written documentary, which could be referred for information until French settled at the coast in 1768. Existed of the reef in the coast was discovered by James Cook in 1770 after sailing in the sea. Since then people were attracted in seeing the coral community and would travel to Australia. The country has seen a period of radical changes because of finances from the large tourist attraction site and the beauty of the natural environment.
Fishing has been used by Australians as a source of livelihood for coastal inhabitants. Presence of the reefs attracted both commercial and subsistence fishers. With the rise of super trawlers, the fishing industry has become a menace to Australia because the population of reefs has been destroyed. It becomes difficult for the fishing industry to prevent some trawlers and allow others to undertake fishing activities because the magnitude of effect caused on the reefs differs. This is because some boats will sink to deep waters while others will be careful to avoid damage. During the two year period of ban, investigators will monitor the speed of trawling and water depth covered. This is because there are two types of trawlers involved, the super and the regular trawlers, which differ in size.

According to The Ocean Conservancy, bottom trawling and dredging should be restricted to protect ocean bottom habitats and organisms. Because these fishing methods have proven to radically alter and simplify habitat and living communities, they should be immediately prohibited in sensitive and slow-recovering ocean ecosystems. Restrictions are urgent, given the increasing use of such gear in areas that were previously inaccessible, such as the deep ocean. Bottom trawling and dredging should be permitted only where scientific evidence shows that they have no significant impact on habitat or marine communities. Even in more resilient ecosystems, gear modifications and closing of representative areas should be employed to reduce impacts.
The Ocean Conservancy supports cooperative research and incentives to develop alternative fishing methods and gear that are less damaging to ocean habitats. Often times, larger nets are used that require the cooperation of two boats in order to cast and drag the nets along the ocean. When this method is used, it is known as pair trawling. The boats in question, known as trawlers, can range in size from the typical small fishing boat, which is around 25-30 hp upwards, to the massive fishing vessels known as factory trawlers, which can be over 10,000 hp. Even the smaller vessels will often be double trawlers, carrying nets on both sides of the ship, thereby increasing their destructive range. The nets are not only large in size and thus the scope of marine life in its path is more indiscriminate, but are also equipped with large chains, weights, or other equipment that can weigh thousands of pounds that crush everything they encounter. When the nets traverse an area, they catch and destroy everything, as well as leave a trail of ruin at the sea bed. It can thus be argued that a once flourishing marine community is replaced with a wasteland. When dredging is employed, the situation exacerbates and could lead to severe depletion of marine life. Reporting according to Brighthub.com, “the destruction of bottom trawling is so profound that it can actually be seen from space.” To this end, trawling can be perceived as something more than mere fishing. In fact, it is the act of wiping out oceans. Bottom trawlers drag nets along the seafloor sometimes with “rockhopper” gear attached, such as old tires, to catch fish living between rocks and reefs.

Given the profound implications of trawling, it would seem unreasonable to go for a method of fishing that causes harm to the environment, whereas there are alternative safe ways of fishing. Alternative methods of fishing that do not damage the seafloors include hook-and-line fishing, long-lining and trap fishing. Hook-and-line fishing uses a single pole and a line with a single hook to manually catch fishes. Long-lining, on the other hand, refers to catching seafood with a central fishing line, sometimes more than 50 miles long, that is strung with many smaller lines holding baited hooks. Trap fishing is when submerged baited wire or wood cages are used to attract fishes and hold them alive (sustainablediningatpacific.com).

Studies done overtime have also indicated that coral reefs might have survived a long period of natural transformation. Several of these coral reefs, however, may not survive the destruction caused by humanity. Reporting according to wwf.pand.org, “roughly one-quarter of coral reefs worldwide are already considered damaged beyond repair, with another two-thirds under serious threat.” Top on the list of threats to these resources are disparaging fishing practices. Bottom-trawling, which is a disparaging fishing practice, is said to be among the leading threats to coral reefs of cold-water. This method of fishing is also said to be responsible for up to half of all discarded fish and marine life worldwide. Further, in a side-by-side comparison, bottom trawling for spot prawns was seen to throw away nine times as much by catch as more selective fishing gear. Scientists estimate that for every pound of shrimp caught, between four and ten pounds of marine resources are thrown away. In Indonesia alone, local fishermen’s catches declined 40 percent after bottom trawling expanded. On the same note, overfishing is seen as a major disparaging fishing practice. Overfishing affects the environmental stability of communities surrounded by coral reefs. This practice also warps the food series and causes far-reaching consequences.
Ocean-based tourism involving snorkeling, diving, and sport fishing is one of Belize’s most important economic activities, and is directly threatened by discards of the marine wildlife people most want to see. Bottom trawling not only affects valuable fish species, but also threatens sea turtles, sharks and ray. Reporting according to ocean.org, “tourists are willing to pay more for a dive trip during which they are likely to see marine wildlife; including approximately $30 more to see a sea turtle, $35 to see a shark or $55 to see a healthy coral reef.” When Australia recently banned super trawlers fishing in its southern waters for two years, it argued that there was uncertainty about the impact of such large vessels on species such as dolphins and seals. The so-called “super trawlers” are designed to store a much larger amount of fish on board than ordinary trawlers, so that they can remain at sea for much longer periods before having to return to port. News24.com reports that “fisheries authorities have dismissed concerns about over-fishing, saying the trawler would only be allowed to catch 10 percent of available fish and would have little, if any, impact on the broader ecosystem.”
The process of coral building, where a new coral reef would erect on a dead one has been going on for a million years, and has led to the structure of Great Barrier Reef. The Great Barrier Reef is an extremely ancient, nature’s creation ranging millions and millions years back. It consists of thousands of species of animal life, both above and below the sea. Living coral have build themselves on dead coral, which have resulted into great walls of reefs where a variety of organisms such as algae, anemones, sponges, fish, worms, starfish, turtles, mollusks, snakes, crustaceans and plants sustain. Although there is no proof of human contact with the Great Barrier Reef, the Aboriginals and the Torres Strait Islander residents, who are the original Australian citizens, have been known to travel to and fro the reefs for fishing, hunting and other activities for about 40,000 years.

It is now an accepted fact that the Portuguese first sighted Australia in 1522. The movement was fronted by Cristovao de Mendonca. The earliest documentary evidences, however, are by the French settlers who led their ships La Boudeuse and L’Etoile on 6th June 1768. In the meantime, the most exciting part in the discovery of Great Barrier Reef was when James Cook and his team sailed the whole length of the reef from May to Aug 1770 (greatbarrierreef.com). The Great Barrier Reef is said to be the only living organic collective visible from the Earth’s orbit. The Great Barrier Reef, off the east coast of Australia, is one of the wonders of the natural world – it is the world’s largest coral reef. Coral makes up the various reefs and cays. These are the basis for the great variety of sea and animal life in the Reef. The ideal environment for coral is shallow warm water, where there is a lot of water movement, plenty of light, where the water is salty and low in nutrients. There are many different types of coral, some are slow growing and live to be hundreds of years old, others are faster growing. Algae create the colors of coral. Only live coral is colored. Dead coral is white. The Great Barrier Reef area abounds with wildlife, including dugong and green turtles, varieties of dolphins and whales, more than 1500 species of fish, 4000 types of mollusk and more than 200 species of bird life.
More than two million people visit the reef each year generating more than $AU2 billion in tourism dollars, making tourism a major earner for the northeastern Australian economy. Tourists are carried to the reef system by more than 500 commercial vessels, and tourism is permitted through nearly all the Park. (australia.gov). Coral reefs benefit the environment and people in numerous ways. For example, they Protect shores from the impact of waves and from storms; Provide benefits to humans in the form of food and medicine; Provide economic benefits to local communities from tourism. The US agency NOAA (the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) puts the economic value even higher and says that coral reefs provide economic services — jobs, food and tourism — estimated to be worth as much as $375 billion each year. With this information, it seems prudent that the ban on trawling should not only be confined to two years but should be made permanent. This way, coral reefs will not be depleted and as such will offer great benefits to the Australian economy. The importance of coral reefs cannot just be underestimated. Who knows, the prospect of banning trawling permanently may be a billion-dollar idea.

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At Baldwin, were are here not only to provide our clients and customers with the very best services possible, but also to separate ourselves from the competition and continue to grow our brand. Over the past several years, our company has made incredible strides, and although we do not own the top market share in the sector yet, our continual growth year in and year out shows our ability to expand our brand and reach new clients. It is a strong, intense competition between others in our sector, and while many of these companies have continued to perform well, our annual reports are showing if we have not yet passed the competition, we are quickly gaining. If our efforts continue, we should have any trouble surpassing the competition and becoming the market share leader in the near future.

Baldwin’s Strategies – First Strategy

At Baldwin, we initially wanted to reach as many potential clients as possible. By doing this we spread ourselves rather thin, as we sold 12 different product lines (Capstore Courier Report Year 1). However, half of these products never reached much of a market share, as in the first year alone the bottom six services only held one percent of the market (Appendix A). This is why currently we only sit at maintaining five products, as those, plus Buddy, dropped in performance. We decided to focus in on the products we held a strong market share with and to continue building and improving upon those items, rather than continue to manufacturer material not capable of holding their own. Now, Dune currently has 27 percent of the market share, Cure comes in with 26, Agape has 23, Egg has 16 and Fume has seven percent (Appendix B) (Capstore Courier Report Year 9).

Current Strategy

In order to improve production, we at Baldwin have spent almost more on investments in the past year ($58,400) than any other company, minus Digby. We have long since strived to offer cash flow investments, as in 2014, we set aside $20,000 for plant improvements, when no other company invested a cent. This has led to not only favorable returns for our company through production, but also through investors. Although we at Baldwin started with the same close and number of available shares as Andres, Chester, Digby, Erie and Ferris, we closed December 31, 2019 with the largest close, at $205.22. This is more than $10 more than our nearest competition, even though we currently offer more than 100,000 less shares than all other agencies (Appendix C). For anyone looking for an investment opportunity, Baldwin is becoming more and more valuable, each and every day.

Evaluation of Performance

When we at Baldwin first started off, we held our own with the competition, but we had too much bottom weight. Our less desired products received too much of our attention and we struggled because of it. We always managed to turn a profit and a considerably high percentage of return on investment improvements year in and year out, but our less desired products held us back. This has allowed us to turn a profit through the investments back into the properties. This year alone our net income rose from $31,020 to $48, 123, which is an increase of over 50 percent from the previous year. Since 2013, our overall sales have risen from just over $104 million to over $217 million. In eight full years of running the business we have more than doubled our sales. Only Digby has done better than us, although their accumulative profit is only roughly $12 million more than what ours currently sits at.
Possibly the most promising aspect towards the potential of this company is the return on equity we are receiving. Currently, we sit at 26.2 percent, while Digby sits at 21.7 percent. This is showing our continual investment into the company is paying off and should continue to push up closer towards the top.

Future Recommendations

As Baldwin continues to grow and develop, it is vitally important for us to continue investing in resources. By putting money back into the company we are able increase our profit margin and improve the quality of our services. However, we also need to make sure and not hold onto services for too long, if it is immediately apparent the products are not going to help us gro. By attempting to develop these services, we end up putting to much time and resources into the products, costing our bottom line and actually reducing our ability to focus on our profitable services. This hindered us in the past, so it is important we don’t proceed with this method ever again. Our market share is holding steady, and by streamlining our services, we are able to make sure we move up in the business.

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